摩纳哥|官方

PREV: Execution       UP NEXT: Closing

Monitoring and Controlling the Program process group covers the processes performed to observe program execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the program. The key benefit is that program performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the program management plan. Monitoring and Controlling involves continuous monitoring for performance and progress, and take actions based on it. Forecasts are performed to ensure any problems are anticipated. The list of processes, their major output and knowledge area are given below.

1. Processes in Program Monitoring and Control process group

   Program Monitoring and Control Process	Major Output	Knowledge Area
   Integrated Change Control	Approvals and rejections of change requests	Integration Management
   Resource Control	Expenditure and utilization reports	Integration Management
   Monitoring and Controlling Program work	Change Requests and forecasts	Integration Management
   Issue Management and Control	Proposed Resolutions	Integration Management
   Scope Control	Approvals and rejections of the scope related changes	Scope Management
   Schedule Control	Change requests and updates to the program schedule	Time Management
   Cost Control	Change requests and updates to the program budget	Cost Management
   Perform Quality Control	Inspection Reports	Quality Management
   Communication Control	Change requests and updates to the communication management plan	Communication Management
   Performance Reporting	Performance reports and communication messages	Communication Management
   Risk Monitoring and Control	Risk related change requests and updates to risk register	Risk Management
   Program Contract Administration	Change requests and approved payment requests	Procurement Management

2. Integrated Change Control process involves review of change requests and recommendations for corrective and preventive actions for approval and disapproval. The Program Management plan will need to be updated after a change request or a recommendation is approved. The inputs, tools and techniques and output for Integrated Change control are given in the table:

   ITTO in Integrated Change Control process

   Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
   Change Requests (CR’s)	Management Information System(MIS)	Approvals and Rejections of CR’s
   Recommendations for Corrective and Preventive actions(CAPA)	Configuration Management System	Change Register
   Program Management Plan	Change Control system	Modified Project Priorities
   Program Scope Statement	Performance Measurements	Updated Program Management Plan
   Performance Reports	Expert Judgment	Updated Program Scope Statement
   Cost Management Plan		Updated Benefits Realization Plan

3. Management Information System (MIS) is a collection of tools and techniques to gather, integrate, and disseminate the output of program management process.
4. Configuration management system (CM) is a system that focuses on establishing and maintaining consistency of its constituent components and operational information throughout its life. It tracks and verifies any changes made to the configuration continuously and maintains records of approvals and validations for the configuration changes done.
5. Change register (CR) is a document that contains the record of change requests and actions taken on them.
6. Controlling Resources is one of the most important processes of program management as any program, however small it may be, involves the utilization of resources, both material and human. It is important that the resources be utilized as planned in the Resource Management plan and the Program Management plan and the controlling resources process takes care of this. The inputs, tools and techniques and outputs of the Controlling Resources process are given in the table:
   

   ITTO in Controlling Resources process

   Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
   Program Management Plan	Observations and Conversations	Requests for change, Lease termination, and equipment reclamations
   Staffing Management Plan	Conflict Management	Reports: Expenditure and utilization
   Resource Management Plan	Policies and Procedures	Equipment transfer agreements
   Program Budget	Performance Appraisals	Cross charges
   Performance Reports	Resource Leveling techniques
   Lease Agreements	Issue Log and Program Management Information System(PMIS)
   Requirements for equipments, facilities, material and personnel	Brainstorming

7. Tools and Techniques of Controlling Resources process include
   
   • Observation and Conversations are ways to stay in touch with the work performed by the team members.
   • Conflict Management involves resolving differences among the stakeholders. It is used to nourish positive working relationships among the team members with the aim of increasing productivity and optimizing use of resources.
   • Performance appraisals help setting specific goals for the resources.
   • Resource leveling techniques are used to reallocate underutilized resources.

8. Monitoring and Controlling Program Work is an important process required to monitor and control project and non-project work being performed at the program level.

   ITTO in Monitoring and Controlling Program Work process

   Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
   Program Management Plan	Expert Judgment	Change Requests
   Communication Management Plan	Management Information System (MIS)	Forecasts
   Performance Reports	Earned Value (EV) Technique	Communication Messages
   Program Benefits Statement

9. Issue Management and Control process is used to identify, track, review, resolve, and close issues in order to keep the stakeholders’ expectations aligned with the program activities and deliverables. Issue register is the document used.

   ITTO in Controlling Resources process

   Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
   Program Management Plan	Management Information System (MIS)	Proposed Resolutions
   Work results	Status Review Meetings	Escalated Issues
   Performance Reports	General Management Skills	Change Requests
   Issues Register	Communication Methods	Updates to Issue Register

10. Triple constraints of scope, time, and cost need to be controlled for the success of the program.
11. Scope Control Process is used to manage the changes to the scope if any and to avoid things like scope creep. Inputs, tools and techniques and outputs of the process are:

    ITTO in Scope Control process

    Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
    Performance Reports	Performance Management and analysis	Approvals and Rejections of change requests
    Program Work Breakdown Structure (PWBS)	Scope Change Control System	Communication of change request status
    Program Scope Statement and Scope Management Plan	Configuration Management System	Updates to Program Scope and budget
    Program Schedule
    Program Budget
    Change Requests

12. Schedule Control Process is used to monitor and control the progress of the program against the plan. Inputs, tools and techniques and outputs of the Schedule Control process are:

    ITTO in Controlling Resources process

13. Earned Value performance technique involves measuring the progress of scope, time and cost with respect to planned status. Earned value scorecard refers to the values of these metrics in a program.
14. Cost Control Process is used to monitor and control the changes to the program budget. Inputs, tools and techniques and outputs of the Cost Control process are given in the table below:
    

    ITTO in Cost Control process

Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
Performance Reports	Schedule Change Control System	Change requests
Program and Project Schedules	Progress reporting	Information for Stakeholders
Schedule Management Plan	Performance Measurement and analysis	Updates to Program Schedule
Schedule Information requests	Program Management Software
Earned Value Performance and Earned Value scorecard
Forecasts

Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
Cost Performance Reports	Cost change control system	Change Requests
Program budget	Earned Value Management	Estimation versus completion
Actual Cost for non-project program activities	Forecasting	Variance reports
Cost Management Plan	Management software and computerized tools	Updates to program budget
Earned value performance
Forecasts

15. Cost Baseline, Schedule Baseline, and Scope Baseline are used as the basis to measure, monitor, and control the performance of the program under the triple constraints.
16. Controlling cost can involve proactive or reactive approaches. Proactive approaches involves taking actions based upon the plan. Reactive approaches involves taking action to deal with unanticipated problems.
17. Perform Quality Control process is applied to control the quality throughout the program. Inputs, tools and techniques and outputs of the Perform Quality Control process are:

    ITTO in Perform Quality Control process

    Input	Tools and Techniques	Output
    	Statistical Sampling	Completed quality checklists
    Work Results	Inspection	Results from measurements
    Quality Management Plan	Flowchart, Runchart, Scatter diagrams, Histogram	Reports: Inspection and test
    Quality Checklists	Pareto charts, Cause and effect diagram, Control Charts	Non-conforming work projects or results
    		Change requests

UP NEXT: Closing